WG-EMM-01

A net sampling survey was carried out for krill in an established standard station grid around Elephant Island during 27 January to 4 February 2001. Results show a spatial separation of the juvenile and the spawning stock. The station grid was extended to the south, where a large proportion of small size classes, one year old juvenile krill was found. Krill density was significantly higher Read More
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Monitoring of the sea surface temperature (SST) in Subarea 48.3 on satellite data (GOES-E, Meteosat), use of in situ data and the further analysis of the SST maps, maps of the SST anomalies and dynamics provide strictly special, but constant information on hydrological situation in the survey area. Analysis of this situation based on data obtained in expeditions, as well as literature and the Read More
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There is a long-term interest in the population genetics of Antarctic krill species because of their ecological end economic importance. The possibility that there are distinct genetic stocks of these species would affect the design of management strategies for conserving them. A recent resurgence of interest in identifying distinct stocks of swarming krill species has been driven by the Read More
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The distribution, density and length composition of krill in commercial concentrations were investigated in the regions of South Shetland, Elephant, South Georgia and South Orkneys in spring and summer 1997-1999. The concentration densities varied with area and season. The densest concentrations were found near South Shetland. Concentrations at night were several times less dense than those Read More
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The autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) Autosub-2 was deployed on eight missions ahead of RRS James Clark Ross in the northern Weddell Sea and in the Bransfield Strait to assess avoidance of the research vessel by Antarctic krill Euphausia superba. The AUV was equipped with the same type of scientific echosounder as the research vessel (Simrad EK500 operating at 38 kHz and 120 kHz) and Read More
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Three separate acoustic surveys of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) were conducted around South Georgia in the 2000/2001 season: in October 2000 (early-season); during late December / early January 2000/2001 (mid-season), and in March 2001 (late-season). The surveys were the first in a newly-planned five-year series of observations designed to complement and extend an existing time series Read More
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Standardisation of methods to measure krill and estimate maturity and feeding status is essential if studies involving inter-comparison of datasets are planned. The methods used by workers from different institutes are outlined in the hope that standardisation by WG-EMM can be established and thus improve the quality of data from research surveys as well as through the CCAMLR International Read More
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The WG-EMM sub-group on methods is potentially in a position to change its emphasis from one that considers methods for collecting data as part of CEMP to one that considers and develops methods for analysing and using those data to provide management advice. Within this expanded role there are 4 key areas; 1.to maintain the process of validation and checking of the existing CEMP database, 2. Read More
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Antarctic krill Euphausia superba has a central role in the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean and knowledge of its growth rate is central to determining the factors influencing population dynamics. The length of Antarctic krill in the diet of Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella at South Georgia revealed a consistent increase in size between c 42 - c 54 mm over the period October-March, Read More
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In marine ecosystems, characterisation of the foraging areas and habitats of predators is a key factor in interpreting their ecological role. We studied the foraging areas of macaroni penguins at Bird Island, South Georgia, throughout the breeding seasons of 1999-2001 using satellite tracking. We investigated differences in foraging ranges and characteristics between different stages of the Read More
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The growth rates of Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus gazella pups estimated from weighing cross-sections of the population were compared with measured/inferred changes in the the availability of their main prey species, Antarctic krill Euphausia superba from 1989-2000. There was no relationship between growth rate and mass at weaning and there were counterintuitive indications of higher growth Read More
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In the Antarctic Peninsula region current, long-term changes in the physical environment have significant potential to affect populations of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba, a keystone foodweb species. To investigate this we analysed data on krill-eating predators from 1980-2000 at South Georgia. Indices of population size and reproductive performance showed declines in all species and an Read More
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The Antarctic fur seal and macaroni penguin are sympatric top predators that occur in the Southern Ocean around South Georgia where they are, respectively, the main mammal and bird consumers of Antarctic krill. In recent years the population of fur seals has increased whereas that of macaroni penguins has declined. Both species feed on krill of similar size ranges, dive to similar depths and Read More
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One of the longest continuing data sets involving a marine organism in the Antarctic is that of annual estimates of breeding population size of Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae at colonies on Ross Island, Ross Sea, 1959 to 1997. The sizes of these colonies have displayed significant interannual variability during the 29-yr period. We hypothesized that changes are related to natural Read More
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This paper describes current research plans to estimate the size of land-based marine predator populations breeding at South Georgia with a view to providing critical data about interactions with commercial fisheries. The research will also develop methodologies that reliably assess trends in the abundance of these populations. The research will focus upon predator species that depend upon Read More
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1. This study examined the changing status of the marine ecosystem at the island of South Georgia (Southern Ocean) using up to 27 variables measured over 22 years from 3 upper trophic level predators that specialise in foraging upon krill (Eupuasia superba Dana). These variables included population size, breeding performance, offspring growth rate, foraging behaviour and diet. A method was Read More
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The study tested the hypothesis that the distribution of critical habitat for foraging by female Antarctic fur seals breeding at the island of South Georgia was influenced by physical gradients in the oceans and also by the need to avoid local competition for food. It also tested the hypothesis that fur seal predation was capable of causing local depletion of prey species. When foraging in Read More
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The oceanography of the South Georgia region is principally that of the Southern Ocean rather than the South Atlantic. A combination of factors, including advection, local bathymetry and high local productivity, leads to relatively large concentrations of krill (Euphausia superba) in the region and this is a food source for large populations of penguins and seals that breed at South Georgia. A Read More
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One of the important problems in interpreting CCAMLR-2000 results is how they reflect the krill biomass status, is it high, medium or low at the present time. The comparative analysis of krill biomasses derived from trawl catches was carried out; retrospective data of three Soviet surveys, covering the main part of the CCAMLR-2000 area, were used: RV “Argus” (27.01.84-16.03.84) and RV “Evrika Read More
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CCAMLR Conservation Measure 32/X sets a 1.5 million metric ton precautionary catch limit on krill (Euphausia superba) in Statistical Area 48. The measure also implies the application in future of precautionary limits could be applied to subareas or local areas. Nine alternative methods of determining subarea or local area krill catch limits are evaluated relative to six criteria: (i) the Read More
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This paper presents vertical distribution of temperature, salinity, density and flow across the Drake Passage. The seventh Antarctic Ocean Survey cruise by the R/V Kaiyo Maru of the Japanese Fisheries Agency was conducted in the waters around the Antarctic Peninsula in 199/95 austral summer season. In the survey, oceanographic observations were carried out along the north-south line from 56-21 Read More
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This information paper is a compilation of websites and publications on Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). The paper is intended as an educational guide and contains an array of national, international, academic, governmental, and non-governmental sources. The list is not exhaustive and should be considered as a starting point for further research.

Our long-term seabird research at Admiralty Bay has documented annual variability in the life history parameters of the breeding biology and ecology of Adélie, gentoo, and chinstrap penguins. Long-term data acquired on these species including: survival and recruitment, population size and breeding success, diets and foraging ecology, provide clear evidence linking offshore biological and Read More
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The austral summer 2000/01 marked the fourth full season of land-based predator research at Cape Shirreff, Livingston Island, Antarctica. Results of the monitoring activities undertaken in support of CCAMLR WG-EMM, are summarized in the report

There are two general kinds of polynya (an ice-free area within sea ice borders), coastal polynya and open ocean polynya, in the Southern Ocean. Polynya accelerates oceanic and atmospheric processes by exposing the surface of ocean to the atmosphere. Additionally, we think that the coastal polynyas influence biological activity in the winter and spring season. However, there are no minute Read More
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Inter- and intra-annual variability of commercial krill trawling positions for the 1980/81 to 1999/2000 seasons in the area to the north of South Shetland Islands were analyzed in relation to biological and environmental factors. Commercial fishing perations concentrated on the outer shelf in the early 1980’s, along the shelf slope in the mid- to late 1980’s, and were highly variable, from the Read More
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Four Japanese krill fishing vessels operated in Area 48 during the 1999/2000 split year. In Subarea 48.1, the operation started in December and lasted until June. In Subarea 48.2, operation took place in December, March, and May to June. In subarea 48.3, operation took place only in June. Trawling positions, CPUEs and body length of Antarctic krill during the period is described. The krill Read More
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This document is to announce our intension to hold ‘Workshop on krill culturing techniques’ at Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium, Japan, in September 2002. Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium recently succeeded in reproducing and raising Antarctic krill up to juvenile stages under an artificial condition. Several research groups in the world are also independently developing their culturing techniques Read More
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Japan has deployed one scientific observer on a Japanese krill trawler, Niitaka Maru, from 13 December 2000 to 26 January 2001. The observation was undertaken following the CCAMLR Scientific Observers Manual. Summary of the fishing efforts, processing, fish by-catches, biological measurements of krill, product types are described in the report. The trawler made an anti-clockwise trip around Read More
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Published information on conversion factors to estimate krill removals from the amounts of different krill products are examined and a range of values produced. These are broadly in line with those currently in use although the differences are such that use of the traditional factors may introduce large errors into the estimation of removals. It is uncertain whether discarding is a common Read More
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In response to the debate at WG-EMM-99 about the development of the ecosystem approach within CCAMLR. The Secretariat prepared a review of the various tasks initiated at WG-EMM-95 and later meetings (WG-EMM-00/29). The Working Group requested that the review should be updated annually. The 2001 review covers meetings of WG-EMM from 1995 to 2000.

Krill sampling were carried out Northwest and Northeast South Georgia, first during collaborative venture AtlantNIRO-BAS on 5-8 January and 10-13 January and then during fish bottom trawl survey on 22 February and 3 February correspondingly. The comparative analysis revealed the strong difference in krill inhabiting Northwest and Northeast South Georgian waters. According to the data available Read More
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Substantial improvements in data collection and analytical methodologies of acoustic krill surveys have taken place for the recent twenty years. It has been attempted to determine the influence of such improvements on krill biomass estimation. The letter seems to become useful in comparative analysis of krill biomass data from the results of different acoustic surveys.
There have been Read More
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It has been showed that krill spatial distribution in 48.4 Subarea was characterized by presence of non-aggregated and scattered form, swarms, when surveying (January 17-February 1, 2001).. There have been revealed differences between spatial distribution patterns of krill aggregations of different type in relation to water mass structure and dynamics.
The distributional features and Read More
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The long-term objective of the U.S. AMLR field research program is to describe the functional relationships between Antarctic krill, their predators, and key environmental variables. Every year on-land studies of predator foraging ecology and reproductive success have been coordinated with large scale oceanographic surveys off the South Shetland Islands. Since 1996/97, U.S.-AMLR predator Read More
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There is a wealth of earlier papers on the topic of krill processing dominated by the works of Grantham (1977) “The Utilization of Krill”, Budzinski et al (1985), “The Possibilities of Processing and Marketing of Products Made from Antarctic Krill”, and from works produced by J. K McElroy (1980-82). Within these papers are the fundamentals of product yields and the framework for determining Read More
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The US AMLR Program conducted large area surveys in the Elephant Island-South Shetland Island region during 18-30 January 2001 (Survey A, 101 stations) and 12 February-12 March 2001 (Survey D, 96 stations). Krill, salps and other zooplankton were collected at each station using a 180 cm Isaacs Kidd Midwater Trawl fitted with 505um mesh nets. Data obtained from these surveys were compared to Read More
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This paper describes the first detection of Brucella sp. antibodies in seals from the Antarctic territory. Sixteen antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) and one Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) sera were tested by the Rose Bengal test (RBT), complement fixation test (CFT), immunodiffusion (AGID) and c-ELISA. Antibodies against Brucella sp. were detected with the RBT, the CFT and the Read More
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A serological study was initiated to determine the presence of anti-Brucella antibodies on marine mammals of Antarctica. For this study, blood and extra vascular fluid samples was taken from 12 Weddell Seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) at the Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) Nº 32 and CCAMLRa Ecosystem Monitoring Program (CEMP) site N° 2 “Cape Shirreff and San Telmo Islets” (62º 47’ S Read More
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Cape Shirreff and San Telmo Islets (SSSI Nº32) shelter the largest breeding population of Antarctic fur seals, Arctocephalus gazella, in the South Shetland Archipelago. Since all censuses up to date have been single counts and do not allow the calculation of confidence limits, a protocol was developed for assessing uncertainties in the estimates of the counts (inter and intra-observer error) Read More
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The CCAMLR Ecosystem Monitoring Program uses indices derived from data on indicator species and the environment collected by standard methods within the three Integrated Study Regions of the Convention Area. Standardised index values are re-calculated each year as new data become available, and trends and anomalies in these data are presented.

Scientific observations on fishes incidentally caught during commercial krill fisheries by F/V Niitaka Maru (3910t) were made from 16 December 2000 to 26 January 2001 in the vicinity of the South Shetland Islands. Among 103 net hauls quantitatively examined, by-catch fishes were found in 41 trawl catches. Lepidonotothen larseni was the most abundant in number and weight and occurred in 20.4% Read More
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A proposal to arrange a CCAMLR course in survey design and execution at KMRS is put forward to propagate the experiences gained in planning and executing the CCAMLR 2000 krill survey. The proposed course would recruit teachers and students from member countries and illustrate both theoretical and practical aspects of krill survey work by planning and performing a “miniature survey” in Read More
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This paper discusses the principles required to develop of small-scale management units and highlights a work program in this development. It provides the theoretical foundation for considering the scales of management units involving the integration of local populations of harvested species, foraging areas of predators, fishing grounds and the potential influences of the environment, Read More
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Variability is a key feature of the pelagic ecosystems of the Southern Ocean and an important aspect of the variation is fluctuation in the abundance of krill, the major prey item of many of the higher predators. Direct impacts of variability in the large-scale physical environment, such as changes in ocean circulation, have been suggested as the main factor generating the observed Read More
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GOOS (Global Ocean Observing System) is a permanent global system for observations, modelling and analysis of marine and ocean variables to support operational ocean services worldwide. It is sponsored by IOC, WMO, UEP and ICSU (see website is http://ioc.unesco.org/goos/).
In December 2000, Dr Angus McEwan, GOOS representative, met with the Data Read More
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At last year’s meetings WG-EMM and Scientific Committee expressed an interest in summarized information on seabird demography, particularly in relation to generation time and productivity. this represents a substantial task with not inconsiderable resource implications. However, as an initial step, this paper attaches a tabulated review of most of the relevant data up to 1981 (Croxall, 1982). Read More
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The study aimed to test the utility of instruments deployed on marine mammals for measuring physical oceanographic variation and, using this method, to examine temperature variation in the coastal waters around South Georgia. There was a significant correlation between temperature measurements made using a towed undulating oceanographic recorder (UOR) and concurrent measurements from time- Read More
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The data on Soviet krill fishery in i977-1992 are presented. The fishing effort (FE) developed in 1977-1991 was 50086 fishing days in total. According to the pictures presented FE was distributed between subareas 48.1, 48.2 and 48.3. Monthly FE distribution between subareas revealed the three types of FE distribution in subsequent groups of years: Type I: 1981 and 1982, partly 1979/1980: FE Read More
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Between november and february of the years 1993/94, 1995/96, 1996/97, 1997/98, 1998/99 and 1999/2000, one hundred and fifty three specimens of southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina, were stomach lavaged at King George Island in order to analyse their diet. The two major prey types were cephalopods and fish which ocurred respectively in 98,1% and 14% of stomachs containing prey remains. The Read More
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This paper describes evidence of antibodies against a virus related with Alphaherpesvirinae sub-family, potentially a phocine herpesvirus (PhHV-1) that affect Antarctic Fur Seals (Arctocephalus gazella) from Cape Shirreff, Livingston Island, Antarctica.
Body fluid samples of 54 A. gazella were collected from 48 live animals and 6 from dead ones during December 1999-February 2000 fieldwork Read More
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This paper summarises some of the main tasks which the Secretariat has undertaken over the past year in support of WG-EMM. The outcome of these tasks are outlined in table format. Where required, detailed information is provided in meeting papers

This paper presents a summary of the recent workshop held in Cambridge, UK, which was convened by Dr JL Watkins to assess the status of papers arising from the CCAMLR-2000 Survey of the Area 48. Key actions and target dates for the publication process are highlighted. An outline of the proposed special volume content is given and synopses of the proposed papers are provided.

In the paper these have been discussed the results of acoustic estimation of distribution nectonic organisms, non-krill zooplanctonic fraction and krill as detected my multi-frequency echosounder in 48.4 Subarea.
It has been shown that myctophid fish species are dominated in nectonic fraction backscattering. Nectonic organism distributional pattern is evidently attributed, to a greater Read More
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This report summarises the results of krill studies from a large-scale surveys of the Italian Antarctic Oceanographic Cruises conducted in December 1997-January 1998 and January-February 2000. A midwater sampler-trawl (Hamburg Plankton Net) was used to collect zooplankton and fish larvae. Net samples data on Euphasiids were analysed at the aim of: 1) obtain a general picture of interannual and Read More
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Euphausia superba and Euphausia crystallorophias dominate the biomass and play a key role in the Ross Sea pelagic ecosystem (Marr, 1962; Azzali et al., 1999). To estimate the abundance of each stock it is necessary to discriminate E. superba from E. crystallorophias aggregations and to obtain information about the mean size (length) of the organisms in each aggregation.
In principle the Read More
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The paper submits the design of the acoustic survey that should be carried out in the next Italian expedition to the Ross Sea (2002), for eventual changes, improvements and suggestions.

Euphausia superba Dana (Antarctic Krill) has been recognized as a key forage species in the Antarctic ecosystem. This species serves as prey for many organisms in the ecosystem and has also been the target of an small industrial fishery since the mid 1970s. New quotas have recently been set but there is concern that the reduction in krill biomass due tome fishery may have impacts on other Read More
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In terms of the convention governing the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), management advice for the Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) fishery should take the needs of the predators of krill into account in order to reduce the risk of deleterious impacts on such predators (e.g., baleen whales and numerous fish, seal, penguin and flying bird Read More
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We develop a new approach to quantifying habitat use within the foraging ranges of satellite-tracked seabirds. We applied kernel estimation techniques to 167 days (3738 locations) of data from black-browed and grey-headed albatrosses Diomedea melanophris and D. chrysostoma during the chick-rearing period of the breeding cycle at South Georgia. At this time the activity range of these two Read More
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Vessels from Japan, Republic of Korea, Peru and the USA had participated in the conduct of five acoustic/oceanographic surveys from late December 1999 and to early March 2000 in conjunction with CCAMLR 2000 survey. Time-series acoustic data from the coordinated survey were analyzed. Excluding the highest and lowest surveys, biomass densities on three remaining surveys were 49.2 g m-2 (CV 19.5 Read More
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This paper reviews information from krill fisheries operating in the CCAMLR Convention Area during the period July 1999 to June 2001. During that period, 14 vessels targeted krill in Area 48 during the 1999/2000 season (July 1999 to June 2000). A total of 104259 t of krill was caught, of which 69954 t were taken from Subarea 48.1, 28649 t from Subarea 48.2, 4671 t from Subarea 48.3, and 985 t Read More
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Data from the krill questionnaire are presented for the Polish-flagged vessel Acamar fishing in Subarea 48.1 in March-June 2001; five questionnaires were completed. Submission of these data were delayed due to email communication problems with the vessel. This is the first set of questionnaires to be completed and returned to the Secretariat.

The Balleny Islands area contains special values which New Zealand believes are worthy of protection. New Zealand's past proposals have not yet achieved consensus support and the process for designating marine protection within the Antarctic Treaty System is not clearly established. New Zealand hopes that through a fully consultative process with CCAMLR partners, a new proposal which Read More
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The requirements of an ecosystem approach to management of Southern Ocean resources are outlined. This highlights the need for information on harvested and dependent species their interaction and the manner in which their populations vary naturally. Large scale interactions are catered for the Krill Yield Model. Smaller scale interactions centre around three main categories, the availability Read More
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In 2000, WG-EMM requested that the Secretariat take on the responsibility of compiling the documentation of the krill yield model (Table 3 and paragraph 2.110). The following paper provides a starting point for such documentation, as well as a conceptual approach which may provide a framework for a set of reference documents which could be held electronically on the CCAMLR website and/or on CD Read More
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In 2000, WG-EMM requested that the Secretariat review the historical development of CEMP indices and ecosystem assessments (Table 3 and paragraph 3.55). The following paper provides a starting point for such a review, as well as a conceptual approach which may provide a framework for a set of reference documents which could be held electronically on the CCAMLR website and/or on CDROM.