Infectious diseases and parasites of Antarctic and sub Antarctic penguins and the implications for CEMP

This paper draws attention to the possible implications for the CCAMLR Ecosystem Monitoring Program (CEMP) of infectious and parasitic disease among penguin being monitored and to this end present a summary of all such diseases of penguin species found in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic. Haematological and biochemical values for healthy penguins which may be of use in diagnosis are presented also. Just as environmental factors are being examined for their possible effect on the variables being monitored we suggest that health of monitored species also should be considered in CEMP.