Habituation to an acoustic harassment device (AHD) by killer whales depredating demersal longlines

Acoustic harassment devices (AHDs) have been increasingly implemented in various fisheries that suffer significant losses caused by odontocete depredation. However, the efficacy of AHDs to deter odontocetes from fishing gear remains poorly investigated. To determine the effectiveness of AHDs in deterring depredation we experimentally tested a high amplitude device (195 dB re 1 μPa 6.5 kHz 1 m from the source) from a Patagonian toothfish longliner operating off the Crozet Islands while it was subjected to heavy depredation by killer whales. This species usually depredates longlines within a 10 - 300 m range from the vessel, as they only have access to fishing gear during hauling. We expected this distance to increase in response to the acoustic disturbance created by the AHD. The distances of 29 killer whales from the vessel (n = 1,812 records) were collected during 45 phases of AHD activation and 30 phases during which the AHD was turned off. Two multi-exposed killer whale social units fled over 700 m away from the vessel when first exposed to the AHD. However, they remained within a 10 - 300 m range and depredated longlines again past the 1st and 7th exposures respectively showing insignificant behavioural response to further activations of the AHD. When tested through Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMMs), the effect of AHD activation was only significant when killer whales were first exposed to the device. However, the effect disappeared after successive exposures suggesting that killer whales became habituated to the AHD and may sustain potentially harmful hearing disturbance to access the resource made available by longliners. In addition to raising significant conservation concerns, this rapid return of initial depredation behaviour strongly suggests that AHDs are ineffective at deterring depredating killer whales and that fisheries should favour the use of other mitigation techniques when facing repeated depredation by this species.