WG-EMM-02

The diet of non-breeding male Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella was investigated at different localities of the Antarctic Peninsula (Cierva Point and Hope Bay), South Shetland (Deception Island and Potter Peninsula) and South Orkney (Laurie Island) islands, by the analysis of 438 scats collected from January to March 2000. The composition of the diet was diverse and both, pelagic and Read More
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The diet of non-breeding male Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella was investigated at Harmony Point, Nelson Island, South Shetland Islands, by the analysis of 523 scats collected from January to March 2001 and 2002. The composition of the diet was diverse and both, pelagic and benthic-demersal preys were represented in the samples. Overall, the Antarctic Krill Euphausia superba and fish Read More
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A history of development and completion of tasks put forward by WG-EMM is summarised for the period 1995-2001.

In the north-eastern part of South Georgia Island shelf (Subarea 48.3) on 30 July 2001 for the first time we found out young and mature antarctic krill Euphasia superba individuals affected by the disease that had not been described earlier. In the period of winter and spring some males and females Euphasia superba of all size groups - from 27 to 52 cm - were affected. From winter to spring Read More
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The measurement of spatial overlap between predators and fisheries exploiting a common prey source is dependent upon the measurement scale used and the use of inappropriate scales may provide misleading results. Previous assessments of the level of overlap between predators and fisheries for Antarctic krill Euphausia superba in the South Shetland Islands have used different measurement scales Read More
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Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae) and chinstrap penguins (P. antarctica) are morphologically and ecologically very similar, have very similar diet and breed sympatrically in the Scotia Arc from the South Sandwich Islands to the Antarctic Peninsula. To investigate how these two species co-exist, their foraging distribution and diet were studied during the chick-rearing period at Signy Island, South Read More
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Understanding the demographics of Antarctic krill over large scales may be complicated by regional differences in the 11 processes that govern population structure. The influence of regional differences in growth and mortality on population size 12 structure was examined using data on the length–frequency distribution of krill in the Scotia Sea using samples from the South 13 Shetland Islands Read More
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Satellite monitoring of sea surface temperatures (SST) off South Georgia (Subarea 48.3) which includes both analysis of real-time data from vessels and buoy stations provides constant information on the temperature conditions of the area. Weekly SST maps constructed from GOES-E and Meteosat-7 daily satellite data are used to develop maps of mean monthly SST and SST anomalies. For quantitative Read More
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A U.S. flagged commercial factory trawler, the Top Ocean, started fishing operations for krill (Euphausia superba) in Area 48 in July, 2000. This fishery has continued and expanded each year since the initial fishing trials. This paper presents information on the development, yields, and decision making processes involved in harvesting krill by the U.S. fishery. Because the Captain of the Top Read More
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Long-term data on the reproductive performance of krill predators at Bird Island, South Georgia where used to produce Combined Standardised Indices (CSI) that reflect processes operating over different time-scales. The output from all three CSIs indicated that in 2002 there were no indications of predators being unable to find sufficient food to provision themselves or their offspring.

The present contribution uses data from German surveys in the 1980’ies and the US LTER programme which continuously collected krill demography data since 1993 during the austral summer season in the upstream area of the Elephant Island mesoscale survey. The intention was to compare the recruitment indices derived from these two mesoscale surveys and analyse whether results from mesoscale Read More
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In marine ecosystems, characterisation of the foraging areas and habitats of predators is a key factor in interpreting their ecological role. We studied the foraging areas of the macaroni penguin Eudyptes chrysolophus at Bird Island, South Georgia, throughout the breeding seasons of 1999 to 2001 using satellite tracking. We investigated differences in foraging ranges and characteristics Read More
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The Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) and macaroni penguin (Eudyptes chrysolophus) are sympatric top predators that occur in the Southern Ocean around South Georgia where they are, respectively, the main mammal and bird consumers of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). In recent years the population of fur seals has increased whereas that of macaroni penguins has declined. Both Read More
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1. Estimating food consumption is central to defining the ecological role of marine predators. This study developed an algorithm for synthesizing information about physiology, metabolism, growth, diet, life history and the activity budgets of marine predators to estimate population energy requirements and food consumption.
2. Two species of marine predators (Antarctic fur seal Read More
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The Fourth World Fisheries Congress will be held in Vancouver, Canada 2-6 May 2004, with the theme “Reconciling Fisheries with Conservation” (See www.worldfisheries2004.org). There is an opportunity for CCAMLR scientists to participate in a session focussing on the Antarctic. It is proposed that CCAMLR might wish to nominate co-leaders for this Read More
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The development of the krill fishery can be monitored and predicted using a number of different sources of information. Information on current catches and scientific information on the krill stocks is of limited value in plotting trends in the fishery at its current level. Predictions by Members of their future plans are also of limited use because they ultimately depend on the underlying Read More
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The paper describes moves towards accounting for the food requirements of some of southern Africa’s seabirds in management of pelagic fish stocks. It also considers moves towards establishing target populations for seabirds in South Africa, especially those of conservation concern. It describes anomalous breeding by several species of seabird at Marion Island in 1997. These are assumed to have Read More
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CPUE values of the Soviet krill fishery in 1977-1992 in subareas 48.1, 48.2 and 48.3 are standardized by vessel types, regional fishery associations, months, years and subareas. The causes which determine CPUE variability are revealed.

Log book data from Japanese Krill Trawlers were used to characterize their fishing strategies, especially focusing on their movement in time and space. The operations were grouped into ‘operation units’ which consists from a group of repeated operations within certain searching ranges (10nm, 30nm, and 60nm). Distribution of the operation units showed considerable variation in space and time. Read More
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This document lists up the current form to be filled in the observer manual for the krill fishery. I raise the underlying problem to be clarified or modified. This includes technical problems, workload limit, and also the problem of the commercial confidentiality. The current manual consists of nine forms and some of them were developed independent from other forms. Once the observer at sea Read More
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Results from an acoustic krill survey in the Elephant Island Area carried out Jan 27th to Feb 4th 2001 are presented. Data were collected with a SIMRAD EK60 Scientific Echo Sounder installed on the R/V “Polarstern”. The collected acoustic data were post-stratified in three strata based on demographic results obtained by net sampling. Data files from the 38 kHz and 120 kHz recordings were Read More
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In agreement with the Report of the IXX WG-EMM (Art. 2.78; p.128), the current paper presents the next Italian survey, that will be carried out in the Ross Sea during the austral summer 2003-2004. The research consists of three core activities: (1) Acoustic sampling on krill (E. superba and E. crystallorophias) populations and concurrent censuses of their top predators for estimating krill Read More
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Net samples data from the 15th Italian Antarctic Oceanographic Cruise (Jan-Feb 2000) were analysed to obtain a general picture of the summer distribution pattern, abundance and demography of krill in the western Ross Sea (Antarctica). A midwater sampler-trawl (Hamburg Plankton Net) was used to collect zooplankton and fish larvae. Mean relative biomass of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba, in Read More
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While constrained by the requirement to feed their young, land-based marine predators act as central-placed foragers with movements between their breeding colony and their food resource. In a system where the distribution and abundance of prey is highly variable, foraging behaviour must be highly adaptable. In this paper we consider the behaviour of seal and seabird krill-dependent predators Read More
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Penguin populations are potentially sensitive indicators of change in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic and are used extensively to monitor changes in the marine ecosystem. Aerial photographic surveys may provide the most robust method for estimating breeding population size, particularly for large colonies, for colonies in areas of complex terrain, or for colonies where ground access is Read More
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We present a maximum entropy (MaxEnt) method for inferring stock density and mapping distribution from acoustic line-transect data. MaxEnt is founded on the bedrock of probability theory and allows the most efficient possible use of known data in the inference process. The method takes explicit account of spatial correlation in the observed data and seeks to reconstruct a distribution of Read More
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We present Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) reconstructions of krill distribution and estimates of mean krill density within two survey boxes of dimensions 80 km x 100 km to the north east and north west of South Georgia. The reconstructions are generated from acoustic line transect survey data gathered in the boxes in austral summers 1996 – 2000. Krill densities had previously been determined at Read More
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In this paper an acoustic method for identifying two euphausiid species and estimating their length is described. The approach is in fact an outgrowth from both the fluid sphere and Bayes rule methodologies.
This paper explores applications of the multi-frequency method using data from three expeditions to the Ross Sea (1980-90; 1997-98 and 1999-2000), where the environmental conditions, Read More
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During austral summer (January 21st to February 5th) 2000 an oceanographic cruise, devoted to study two krill species (Euphausia superba and Euphausia crystallorophias), was carried out in the Ross Sea area. Activities included acoustic, fishery and physical measurements. More than 2370 nautical miles were acoustically sampled to determine the euphausiid biomass; during the echosurvey, every 6 Read More
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Four separate acoustic surveys of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) were conducted around South Georgia in the 2001/2002 season: one in November 2001 (early); two during January 2002 (middle), and one in May 2002 (late). The surveys were the second in a five-year series of observations designed to complement and extend an existing time series of summer surveys maintained by the British Read More
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Concurrent information on diet composition, foraging patterns and breeding output of the Antarctic Shag Phalacrocorax bransfieldensis was obtained at three colonies in the Danco Coast (Py Point, Midas Island and Primavera Island), Antarctic Peninsula, during the 1997/98 breeding season. Overall, demersal-benthic fish were the most frequent and important prey at all the colonies sampled, Read More
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This paper provides a method for delineating krill fishing grounds in Area 48 based on commercial catch data for the region held in the CCAMLR database. It also summarises available information on krill distribution and abundance and movement for the region, which can be used to help understand the relationship between the fishing grounds and the krill population. We define a fishing ground as Read More
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One step toward defining small-scale management units is to determine the areas most likely to be foraged by predators from one year to the next, i.e. what is a predator’s feeding range taking into account interannual variation in foraging locations? This paper considers the issues to be addressed in answering that question. The proposed method for defining foraging ranges is based on an Read More
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Over 120 adult Adélie penguins were found dead in unusual circumstances on Welch Island near Mawson between 23 November and 4 December, 2001. It is concluded the most likely cause of death was severe injury from being crushed by ice at the ice land interface. Circumstance surrounding the death of the penguins suggested initially that disease may have been implicated and so investigations were Read More
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We assessed the environmental variability of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) distribution with comparison between the CCAMLR 2000 Survey and similar scale datasets partially by the Japanese R/V Kaiyo Maru Survey in the 1987/88 austral summer season in the Scotia Sea. There were distinct differences between the 2000 and 1987/88 Surveys with regard to sea ice extent, oceanographic structure Read More
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Naganobu et al. (1999) had assessed variability in krill recruitment and density with hypothesized environmental factors; strength of westerly winds (westerlies) determined from sea-level pressure differences across the Drake Passage, sea ice cover and chlorophyll-a in the Antarctic Peninsula area during 1982-1998. They found significant correlations between krill recruitment and those factors Read More
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In 2000 WG-EMM discussed the need for region-wide and circum-Antarctic estimates of abundance of land-based predators. At the 2001 meeting of WG-EMM it was proposed that a workshop be held in 2002 to assess the feasibility of such broad-scale surveys, and a small intersessional correspondence group was formed to scope out the terms of reference and method of operation for the workshop. The Read More
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We examined temporal variability in a series of CEMP parameters collected over the period 1991/92 to 2001/02 on Adélie penguins at Béchervaise Island. Parameters relating to chick survival (brooding counts, 2/3 crèche counts and fully crèched chick counts) show large temporal variability while the other parameters were more stable. We also explored the correlation between CEMP parameters, and Read More
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Seven fledging Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) chicks and four post-moult adults were satellite-tracked using the Argos system during the winters of 1995-97 and 1998 respectively. Six fledglings departed from Béchervaise Island near Mawson station (67°35'S, 62°49'E) during late February 1996 and 1997 and were tracked for up to five months before transmissions stopped. The seventh chick Read More
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Demographic parameters (age-specific mortality rates, fecundity levels and population numbers) were analysed for the Béchervaise Island Adélie penguin colony in eastern Antarctica after 12 years of CEMP monitoring. A life table was constructed, and predicted rates of population growth and breeding success calculated. As for most long-lived seabird species, growth/decline rates of the Adélie Read More
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Total scattering cross-sections (st) of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, were acoustically measured over a broadbandwidth (36 to 202 kHz) using a new technique [J. De Rosny and P. Roux, 2001, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 109(6): 2587:2597]. From 18 February to 9 March 2002, mean total target strengths ( ??10log(??4?) t TTS ), were measured from groups of 57 to 1169 krill (average standard length = Read More
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The CCAMLR Ecosystem Monitoring Program uses indices derived from data on indicator species and the environment collected by standard methods within the three Integrated Study Regions of the Convention Area. Standardised index values are re-calculated each year as new data become available, and trends and anomalies in these data are presented.

A model was recently proposed to predict the target strengths (TS) of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, versus incidence angle (?) [McGehee et. al, 1998, Deep Sea Res. Pt2, 45(7)1273-1294]. Based on the distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA), the model depends upon the coherent summation of scattering from elements of a discretized bent cylinder. It was empirically validated at 120 kHz Read More
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Discovered in 1819, the South Shetland Islands soon became the focus of intensive sealing efforts. Abundant, but never quantified, Antarctic fur seal populations were exterminated by 1874 and did not begin re-colonizing until ~80yrs later. The first reported pups born post-exploitation were found at Cape Shirreff, Livingston Island in January 1960. In 1987, an archipelago-wide aerial and Read More
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Antarctic fur seal pup growth studies presented and reviewed by WG-EMM-01 led to discussion on the need to modify Standard Method C2: Pup growth. The issues discussed relate to the timing of sampling and the selection of animals to weigh. The following is a proposal on how the protocol and reporting should be changed to facilitate future inter-annual and inter-regional comparisons of fur seal Read More
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During the breeding season, Antarctic fur seals are central-place foragers, ranging from their colony to feeding areas hours to days offshore, returning periodically to suckle. Outside of this, little is known about a female’s foraging strategy, her success upon which depends not only her survival but that of her young. As such, a fundamental component to understanding the survival and Read More
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The attached document provides information on an atlas of sea ice produced by the n. It was compiled from AVHRR satellite imagery initially to provide information on the sea ice in the vicinity of the CCAMLR Ecosystem Monitoring Program sites at Bechervaise Island near the Australian Station of Mawson, at Edmonson Point in the vicinity of the Italian Station of Terra Nova Bay and at Ross Read More
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Satellite telemetry was used to determine the winter movements and distributions of five chinstrap and six Adélie penguins from two breeding colonies in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Peninsula region during the 2000 and 2001-2002 austral winters, respectively. Three chinstrap penguins from a breeding site in Admiralty Bay, King George Island (62° 10’ S, 58° 30’ W) were instrumented Read More
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The Area proposed for special protection is a small and narrow strip of waters extending approximately 9.5 km in length immediately to the south of Terra Nova Bay Station and up to a maximum of 7 km from the shore. The total area of the proposed site is just under 30 km2.
The boundaries proposed have been selected on the basis of the following criteria:
a) the proposed area encompasses Read More
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Management at Eastern Dallmann Bay aims to:
• avoid degradation of, or substantial risk to, the values of the Area by preventing unnecessary human disturbance;
• allow scientific research on the marine environment while ensuring protection from oversampling;
• allow other scientific research within the Area provided it will not compromise the values for which the Area is protected Read More
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Management at Western Bransfield Strait aims to:
• avoid degradation of, or substantial risk to, the values of the Area by preventing unnecessary human disturbance;
• allow scientific research on the marine environment while ensuring protection from oversampling;
• allow other scientific research within the Area provided it will not compromise the values for which the Area is Read More
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Management at Cape Royds aims to:
• avoid degradation of, or substantial risk to, the values of the Area by preventing unnecessary human disturbance to the Area;
• allow scientific research on the ecosystem, and in particular on the avifauna in the Area, while ensuring protection from over-sampling;
• minimize the possibility of introduction of alien plants, animals and microbes Read More
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The paper presents a compilation of information and work pertaining to the krill fisheries in CCAMLR waters, including:
• report on catches for the last, complete season (2000/01: December 2000 to November 2001) and an update on catches in the current 2000/01 season;
• measures of overlap between the krill fishery and krill predators;
• further development of the plan for the krill Read More
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The Ross Sea is a well-defined embayment of Antarctica about the size of southern Europe, bounded by Victoria Land to the west; King Edward VII Peninsula, Marie Byrd Land, to the east; the Ross Ice Shelf to the south; and the Southern Ocean, Pacific Sector, to the north. Its waters are composed of two related biotic systems: the Ross Sea Shelf Ecosystem (RSShE) and the Ross Sea Slope Ecosystem Read More
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The purpose of this paper was estimating commercial fleet impact on krill population in different months over 1987-1990 fishing seasons, during which the Soviet fleet’s yields from Subareas 48.2 and 48.3 amounted to at least 95% of total catch. The calculations were based on the Soviet fleet haul-by-haul data using a model of probabilistic-statistical theory of fishery systems developed in the Read More
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Analysis of the fishing fleet operation is one of preconditions of krill fishery small-scale management units determination. In this work the available data of haul by haul catch statistics for the Soviet krill fishery in subdivision 48.3 for 1986-1980 (15 thousand hauls) were analyzed. During the fishing season from April to September two basic fishing grounds with a quazi-stationary boundary Read More
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A review of the data in the CEMP database revealed minor inconsistencies that have now been amended. These inconsistencies had no effect on the CEMP indices, but needed to be corrected. Other problems were detected, such as the use of old forms and Standard Methods, and the increasing amount of automated data being collected and submitted. Members should ensure that they use the most current Read More
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Over 250 documents are now prepared and submitted each year to CCAMLR Meetings. These documents contain major contributions to the work of CCAMLR and provide an important record of the history of scientific, political and administrative developments. While readily accessible within the Secretariat, this literature is often difficult to access by Members undertaking work for CCAMLR. This point Read More
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The diet of non-breeding male Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella was investigated at the Danco Coast, Antarctic Peninsula, by the analysis of 31 and 149 scats collected from January to March 1998 and 2000 respectively. Overall fish and krill, followed by penguins and squids, were the most frequent prey and constituted the bulk of the diet. The importance of the remaining taxa Read More
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